Heart valve surgery

Realated Tags: Robotic cardiac surgery | Physiotherapy centres in mumbai |Heart surgery

Definition:

Heart valve surgery is used to repair or replace diseased heart valves.

Blood that flows between different chambers of your heart must flow through a heart valve. Blood that flows out of your heart into large arteries must also flow through a heart valve.

These valves open up enough so that blood can flow through. They then close, keeping blood from flowing backward.

There are four valves in your heart:

Aortic valve

Mitral valve

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonic valve

The aortic valve is the most common valve to be replaced because it cannot be repaired. The mitral valve is the most common valve to be repaired. Only rarely is the tricuspid valve or the pulmonic valve repaired or replaced.

Alternative Names

Valve replacement; Valve repair; Heart valve prosthesis; Mechanical valves, Prosthetic valves

Description:

Before your surgery you will receive general anesthesia. You will be asleep and unable to feel pain.

In open heart surgery, the surgeon makes a large surgical cut in your breastbone to reach the heart and aorta. You are connected to a heart-lung bypass machine or bypass pump. Your heart is stopped while you are connected to this machine. This machine does the work of your heart, providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

Minimally invasive valve surgery is done through much smaller cuts than open surgery, or through a catheter inserted through the skin.

Several different techniques are used:

Percutaneous surgery (through the skin)

Robot-assisted surgery

If your surgeon can repair your mitral valve, you may have:

Ring annuloplasty. The surgeon repairs the ring-like part around the valve by sewing a ring of plastic, cloth, or tissue around the valve.

Valve repair. The surgeon trims, shapes, or rebuilds one or more of the leaflets of the valve. The leaflets are flaps that open and close the valve. Valve repair is best for the mitral and tricuspid valves. The aortic valve is usually not repaired.

If your valve is too damaged, you will need a new valve. This is called valve replacement surgery. Your surgeon will remove your valve and put a new one in place. The main types of new valves are:

Mechanical -- made of man-made materials, such as metal (stainless steel or titanium) or ceramic. These valves last the longest, but you will need to take blood-thinning medicine, such as warfarin (Coumadin) or aspirin, for the rest of your life.

Biological -- made of human or animal tissue. These valves last 12 - 15 years, but you may not need to take blood thinners for life.

In some cases, surgeons can use your own pulmonic valve to replace the damaged aortic valve. The pulmonic valve is then replaced with an artificial valve (this is called the Ross Procedure). This procedure may be useful for people who do not want to take blood thinners for the rest of their life. However, the new aortic valve does not last very long and may need to be replaced again by either a mechanical or a biologic valve.

Why the Procedure Is Performed

You may need surgery if your valve does not work properly.

A valve that does not close all the way will allow blood to leak backwards. This is called regurgitation.

A valve that does not open fully will limit forward blood flow. This is called stenosis.

You may need heart valve surgery for these reasons:

Defects in your heart valve are causing major heart symptoms, such as chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, fainting spells (syncope), or heart failure.

Tests show that the changes in your heart valve are beginning to seriously affect your heart function.

Your doctor wants to replace or repair your heart valve at the same time as you are having open heart surgery for another reason, such as a coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Your heart valve has been damaged by infection (endocarditis).

You have received a new heart valve in the past and it is not working well, or you have other problems such as blood clots, infection, or bleeding.

Some of the heart valve problems treated with surgery are:

Aortic insufficiency

Aortic stenosis

Congenital heart valve disease

Mitral regurgitation - acute

Mitral regurgitation - chronic

Mitral stenosis

Mitral valve prolapse

Pulmonary valve stenosis

Tricuspid regurgitation

Tricuspid valve stenosis

Risks:

The risks for cardiac surgery include:

Death

Heart attack

Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)

Kidney failure

Post-pericardiotomy syndrome -- low fever and chest pain that can last for up to 6 months

Stroke or other temporary or permanent brain injury

Temporary confusion after surgery due to the heart-lung machine

It is very important to take steps to prevent valve infections. You may need to take antibiotics before dental work and other invasive procedures

Before the Procedure:

Your preparation for the procedure will depend on the type of valve surgery you are having:

Aortic valve surgery - minimally invasive

Aortic valve surgery - open

Mitral valve surgery - minimally invasive

Mitral valve surgery – open

After the Procedure:

Your recovery after the procedure will depend on the type of valve surgery you are having:

Aortic valve surgery - minimally invasive

Aortic valve surgery - open

Mitral valve surgery - minimally invasive

Mitral valve surgery - open

The average hospital stay is 5 - 7 days. The nurse will tell you how to care for yourself at home. Complete recovery will take a few weeks to several months, depending on your health before surgery

Outlook (Prognosis):

The success rate of heart valve surgery is high. The operation can relieve your symptoms and prolong your life.

Mechanical heart valves do not often fail. Artificial valves last an average of 8 - 20 years, depending on the type of valve. However, blood clots can develop on these valves. If a blood clot forms, you may have a stroke. Bleeding can occur, but this is rare.

There is always a risk of infection. Talk to your doctor before having any type of medical procedure.

The clicking of mechanical heart valves may be heard in the chest. This is normal

Heart surgery

Milan Tomic

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